Assignment of contractual rights and obligations is one of the most important and well-known issues in different legal systems. The assignment of contract is recognized in Pre-sale Building Act ratified in 19/1/2011. The legislator, in articles 17 and 18, specified terms and qualifications mentioned in this article. This article is based on descriptive-analytical method, and strives to discuss principles and standards in assignment contract and its justification in different legal systems. In addition, it also analyzes the assignment of contract in Pre-sale Building Act. In this legislation, one of the most important terms known by lawmaker is the obligor’ s consent for assignment in writing and official assignment. It is crucial that the legislator considered this assignment which has many economic effects and it was a great step for unification of the assignment of contract in the Act. Assignment of contract is recognized separately in uniform law as well as in laws of different countries such as France, but it has not been considered in Iran.

According to the Qur'an, the jurisprudents consider the forward sale to be the purchase of property in obligation, up to a certain date at the present price. The aim is that both exchanges, i. e the purchase price, which is called the price in the sale, and the Molem Fih, which is called the seller in the sale, should be clear in such a way that there is no ambiguity in it. According to this definition, the forward sale in banking is that banks, in order to provide a part of the working capital of production units, at the request of these units, pre-purchase their products. These units receive money from the bank and deliver the goods to the bank on time. But forward sale in e-commerce is that a person visits the site and orders the purchase of goods and pays the amount of the goods on deposit to receive the goods at the specified time.

From the popular view among Imami jurists, as well as Shafi'i, Hanbali and Hanafi jurists, it is necessary to pay the full price in the forward sale session before the separation of the parties, and if the full price is not paid, the transaction will be void. However, in spite of the mentioned condition, the above condition is not fulfilled by the jurists in the type of transactions between the people; because the main reason for the prevalence of this type of transaction in the present age - which is referred to as pre-purchase or pre-sale - is the inability of the customer to pay the full price, and its dividing allows the customer to pay the full price. Now, the question is whether there is a justifiable reason for paying the full price in the contract session in terms of jurisprudence, and is it possible to answer the above challenge according to Imami jurisprudence and Maliki jurisprudence? This article, which has been written in a descriptive-analytical method with reference to Maliki jurisprudence, by drawing conclusions from various arguments stated by the jurists for the mentioned condition and reviewing each of them, concludes that the above condition is not correct and giving all the price in the contract assembly is not valid from the point of view of Imami and Maliki jurisprudence.

Transfer of ownership and agreement between the parties is an important legal issue that has not received much attention in the comparative context. In this dissertation, an attempt is made to examine the agreement of the parties to the contract of sale in determining the time of transfer of ownership in Iranian law, the 1980 Vienna Convention on the International sale of Goods and European law. The present dissertation is a descriptive-analytical study using the library method. The results of the treatise indicate that the 1980 Vienna Convention on the International sale of Goods also referred the issue of transfer of ownership to national law. It should be noted that the task of this convention is to regulate uniformity for the international sale of goods. The enactment of those regulations was therefore intended to harmonize international trade law or a modern trade law. Regarding the possibility of agreeing on the time of transfer of ownership, it should be said that the contract of sale has more customary truth than sharia truth, so it is certain that the rules and regulations related to transactions are more signature And in principle has not established a rule or ruling. On this basis, it can be said that the agreement on changing the transfer of ownership through a contract of sale is not contrary to the general instructions.

Intellectual properties are a part of immaterial financial rights which are subject to numerous bargains these days. But the lack of explicit rules and provisions in this regard, causes plenty of disagreements in the course of explanation of nature of these agreements. While it is obvious that if we could explain these kinds of trades within an agreement such as sale that its nature, provisions and effects are clear in most legal systems, a major part of these disagreements would have been solved. By analyzing the elements of definition of sale agreements according to article 338 civil code and the definitions in religious jurisprudence from the perspective of object of sale, i.e. having the characteristics of properties, capability of acquisition in addition to notion of essence of the property on one hand and fundamental qualities of ownership, the nature of intellectual properties and quiddity of the relationship between the intellectual properties and its owner on the other hand, it can be concluded that transferring these properties within sale agreement is possible and is consistent with our legal system.

This paper offers a modified circuit for improving linearization of power amplifier with based on the model of the Feed forward circuit amplifier. With the help of mathematical model for the single power amplifier, the circuit is simulated und a demonstrator is built and measured. it is used a complex Taylor series for modeling the power amplifier by the approximation of the amplitude transfer function and the level-dependence of the transmission-phase of the power amplifier and can be understood as a simplified form of Volterra series. In our proof of concept experiment, we verified the concept but also found that the adjustment of the circuit is critically dependent on the drive conditions and linearization is achieved only for a narrow range of drive power. The simulation of the total circuit is largely determined by the models for the transmission characteristics of the two power amplifiers. The new circuit in compare with the conventional Feed forward amplifier, in addition a significant increase in efficiency to minimize the power of the distortion signal 3IMD for large driving amplitude (large signals).

This paper presents a Transimpedance Amplifier (TIA) for high sensitivity Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). The proposed TIA is based on the Regulated Cascode (RGC) structure with an extra transistor employed to implement additional feed-forward path and achieve higher gain values. The extra transistor senses a partially amplified input signal, available in the conventional circuit, and conveys an additional ac current into the load, which provides a higher gain. In addition, a bandwidth extension method is introduced using a capacitor and resistor, which can improve amplifier’s bandwidth by 40%. The proposed TIA is designed in 0.18µm CMOS technology and achieves a transimpedance gain of 101.9dB with a -3dB bandwidth of 91.2 MHz considering 2pF of photodiode capacitance at the TIA input. The input referred noise is 4.4pA/√Hz while dissipating 151µW power.